Symptoms:
- The most important sign is a change in an existing mole or the appearance of a new spot on your skin. This change can involve:
- Asymmetry: One half of the mole doesn’t match the other.
- Border irregularity: The edges are ragged, notched, or blurred.
- Color variation: The mole has multiple colors or shades of brown, black, red, white, or blue.
- Diameter: The mole is larger than 6 millimeters (about the size of a pencil eraser).
- Evolution: The mole changes in size, shape, or color over time.
- Other potential signs include:
- A mole that bleeds, oozes, or becomes crusty.
- A mole that is itchy or tender.
- A sore that doesn’t heal.
- A dark area under your nail that wasn’t caused by an injury.
Risk factors:
- Fair skin: People with light skin, freckles, and light hair or eyes are at higher risk.
- Sun exposure: Excessive sun exposure without proper protection is a major risk factor.
- Family history: Having a close relative with melanoma increases your risk.
- Multiple moles: Having more than 50 moles or many unusual moles increases risk.
- Previous skin cancer: Having had another type of skin cancer makes melanoma more likely.
Diagnosis and treatment:
- Early diagnosis is crucial for successful treatment. If you notice any changes in your skin, see a doctor for a skin check.
- Diagnosis typically involves a physical exam, dermoscopy (using a magnifying device), and potentially a biopsy.
- Treatment options depend on the stage and severity of the melanoma, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy.
Prevention:
- Protect your skin from the sun by using sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher, wearing protective clothing, and seeking shade during peak sun hours.
- Avoid tanning beds.
- Examine your skin regularly for changes and see a doctor if you notice anything concerning.
